109-Carat Amethyst Is a World-Class Example of February's Official Birthstone

Revered for its regal purple hues and rich history, amethyst has been treasured for thousands of years — and one extraordinary example of February's official birthstone resides in the Smithsonian’s National Gem Collection.

The gem seen here is a spectacular 109.66-carat modified rectangular-cut amethyst from Brazil, a vivid purple showpiece that ranks among the world’s finest representations of this beloved quartz variety. The stone was presented to the Smithsonian in 1982 as a gift from philanthropist John W. May, and it remains a standout in a collection that includes more than 10,000 gems and 350,000 mineral specimens.

With its impressive size, saturated color and elegant cut, the Brazilian amethyst offers a perfect reminder of why this gemstone has enchanted jewelry lovers since antiquity.

Amethyst is the most prized gem variety of quartz, a mineral composed of silicon and oxygen. In its pure state, quartz is colorless — but when trace amounts of iron replace some of the silicon atoms within the crystal structure, the gem takes on its signature purple hue. Natural irradiation and geologic conditions deepen that coloration, producing shades that range from pale lilac to rich violet.

Most amethyst forms as crystals lining cavities in volcanic rock, and Brazil and Uruguay remain the world’s most important sources. Fine-quality amethyst also can be found in Zambia, Mexico, Canada, and even parts of the United States, including Maine, Colorado and North Carolina.

Throughout history, amethyst has carried an aura of mystery. Its name comes from the Greek word “amethystos,” meaning “not intoxicated,” reflecting an ancient belief that the stone could ward off drunkenness. According to legend, the Greeks associated amethyst with Bacchus, the god of wine, and wore it to stay clear-headed.

The gem’s purple color also made it a natural symbol of royalty. European monarchs prized amethyst as a stone of power and prestige, and during the Middle Ages it was incorporated into emblems and insignia representing nobility. Even today, amethyst rings are traditionally worn by bishops, underscoring the gem’s longstanding connection to spirituality and wisdom.

Over the centuries, amethyst has been linked with sincerity, protection and deep love. Farmers once believed it could shield crops from hail and locusts, while Leonardo da Vinci reportedly claimed the stone could “quicken intelligence” and calm troubled thoughts.

Whether admired for its beauty, history or symbolism, amethyst remains one of the most fascinating gemstones in the jewelry world.

Credit: Photo by Chip Clark / Smithsonian.